The role of credit quality for safe assets
In this paper Christensen and Mirkov use an arbitrage-free term structure model that accounts for time-varying premia in individual bond prices, to understand the role of credit quality for safe assets that are not particularly liquid. In particular, they look at Swiss government bonds, which are extremely safe but not particularly liquid and are related to the “safe haven” status of the Swiss franc, which implies that safe Swiss franc-denominated assets offer a hedging value against global risk. Some of their findings include:
- The introduction of the euro in January 1999 appears to have led to an upward shift of between 35 and 40 basis points in the Swiss safety premium. The possible justification for this shift might be the perceived implicit assumption of risk-sharing across eurozone countries that could have reduced the safety of government bonds in core eurozone countries such as Germany or France relative to that of Swiss government bonds.
- The scarcity of euro-area safe assets created by the ECB’s asset purchases since January 2015 might have reduced the relative exclusiveness of Swiss safe assets and thereby depressed their safety premium by about 20 basis points.

The Safety Premium of Safe Assets
Authors: Jens H. E. Christensen, Nikola Mirkov
From: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Swiss National Bank
The role of liquidity for safe assets
Expanding safe asset supply lowers safety premia and improves liquidity in financial markets, but it also creates additional risks as Liu et al. suggest in this paper. The authors look at the U.S. Treasuries which, unlike the Swiss governments, are characterized by both high credit quality and deep liquidity. They identify a novel fiscal risk channel which limits the safety benefits of US government debt, and is especially pertinent currently with the COVID related unprecedented fiscal stimulus and stabilization packages. They use a general equilibrium asset pricing model with a rich fiscal sector where different asset classes provide differential liquidity benefits to investors across time and states reflected in endogenously time varying liquidity and safety premia. They find strong evidence:
- Rising government debt creates elevated tax pressure and tax volatility, and ultimately, consumption volatility;
- These movements are reflected in higher risk premia and credit spreads, raising firms’ cost of capital and depressing investment and growth.
The Risks of Safe Assets
Authors: Yang Liu, Lukas Schmid, Amir Yaron
From: University of Hong Kong, University of Southern California, Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania